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Católica ou Protestante : Since pre-historic times in Europe, festivities (bonfires, offrerings) were marking the beginning of longer hours of daylight with fires and ritual. The Roman festival of Saturnalia lasted several days in December (gambling and offerings). Germanic tribes also celebrated mid-winter (drinking and rituals). The Bulgarian (with Koleduvane) and the Polish (with Gwiazdka) perpetuate this tradition. Jesus of Nazareth was probably born in springtime (Reformists favour autumn). But in the 4th century, December 25th was chosen for the celebration of his birth by Pope Julius I (Bishop Liberus is also mentioned in 354 A.D.). Thus, a Christian element was introduced in the long-established mid-winter festivals. Before 1582, the Papal States and other Italian city states celebrated New Year’s Day on Christmas Day.

Feriado secular : Boxing Day is a holiday celebrated on the day following Christmas Day, when servants and tradesmen would traditionally receive gifts known as a Christmas box from their masters, employers or customers. Due to historical reasons, depending on the year, Boxing Day can be celebrated BEFORE Christmas

Feriado secular : O feriado mais celebrado do mundo. Júlio Cesar estabeleceu o 1ºde janeiro para comemorar o novo ano por ser o dia em que os consules romanos assumiam os seus cargos. Paid holiday when falling on Saturday or Sunday

Férias escolares : In England and Wales, term and holiday dates may differ by local authority, but the majority are following this pattern:

For Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, Cornwall, please scroll to relevant region
br> find all local school calendars here: https://www.gov.uk/school-term-holiday-dates

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Cartões/Flores : At New Year during the night, the Jade Emperor conveyed all animals. Only 12 showed up. To thank them, Buddha dedicated one symbolic year per visitor. Each new born would inherit the relevant animal's characteristics.

Cultura : Shrove Tuesday gets its name from the shriving that English Christians were expected to do prior to receiving absolution immediately before Lent begins. Shrove Tuesday is the last day of shrovetide , somewhat analogous to the Carnival tradition that developed separately in countries of Latin Europe. [Wikipedia]

Cultura : The first day of Lent and occurs 46 days before Easter. According to the canonical gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke; Jesus spent 40 days fasting in the desert before the beginning of his public ministry, during which he endured temptation by Satan. Ash Wednesday derives its name from the practice of placing ashes on the foreheads of adherents as a sign of mourning and repentance to God. [Wikipedia]

Cartões/Flores : Introduced by Pope Gelasus in 498, perhaps in response to a local Roman tradition of lovers writing their names on an urn in February

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Cartões/Flores : Mother’s day has evolved in many countries in different ways. This is because mother’s day has different origins in different countries and therefore occurs on different days in the year. One school of thought claims that this day emerged from the custom of mother worship in ancient Greece. Mother worship which kept a festival to Cybele, a great mother of gods, and Rhea, the wife of Cronus, was held on March 15 to March 18 around Asia Minor. They insist that this custom spread around the world. Mothering Sunday is the celebration of motherhood in the United Kingdom. It is also known as Mid-lent Sunday, Rose Sunday and Laetare Sunday. It originally comes from the Victorian practice of allowing servants to return home to visit their mothers on this day. In the United States, Julia Ward Howe (May 27, 1819 - October 17, 1910) was a prominent American abolitionist, social activist, and poet. Howe’s Battle Hymn of the Republic was first published in the Atlantic Monthly in 1862 and quickly became one of the most popular songs for the Union during the American Civil War. After the war she focused her activities on the causes of Pacifism and women’s suffrage. In 1870 she was the first to proclaim Mother’s Day, with her Mother’s Day Proclamation. Called "Mothering Sunday" in the UK

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Católica ou Protestante : The First Council of Nicaea (a gathering of bishops in the early days of Christianity) wanted to find a day to commemorate the crucifixion and resurrection of Christ. This commemoration had to be linked to Jewish holiday traditions, since the last supper of Christ was believed to be a Jewish Passover meal. But the Jewish calendar is based on lunar and solar cycles, so the Easter celebration had to follow the same calendar.

eventos excepcionais : à 1 hora da manhã, hora local Daylight Saving time (DST)

Católica ou Protestante : In the year 325, the Council of Nicée determined a date fo Easter. Full Moon would fall the 14th day of a moon month . Easter would be marked by the dominical letter and the epactus. With the establishment of the equinox ne variatur on March 21, algorithms where elaborated to attribuate a date for Easter whatever the year. Time between two consecutive new moons: 20 days 12 hours 44 minutes 2.8 -
Gives a letter code for the year's calendar
Age of the moon on January 1st, minus one unity, 0 being the new moon's age.

Cartões/Flores : As the story goes, in 1564, France was one of the first nations to make January 1 officially New Year's Day, instead of the last week of March which was previously observed. In 1582, the Pope followed suit. Those who went on celebrating April 1st were mocked. As the zodiacal sign was the fish, The French placed dead fish on the backs of one another. Traditions vary from country to country.

Cartões/Flores : The month of Ramadan is that in which was revealed the Quran; a guidance for mankind, and clear proofs of the guidance, and the criterion (of right and wrong). And whosoever of you is present, let him fast the month, and whosoever of you is sick or on a journey, a number of other days. Allah desires for you ease; He desires not hardship for you; and that you should complete the period, and that you should magnify Allah for having guided you, and that perhaps you may be thankful [Wikipedia]

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Cultura :

Cartões/Flores : Deliverance of the Jewish people from Egypt. The Seder service on the first two evenings recounts the story of the Exodus

Feriado secular : O banco da Inglaterra seguiu um cronograma de 33 feriados e festas religiosas. Em 1834, este número foi reduzido: 1 de maio, 1 de novembro, Sexta-Feira Santa e Natal. Em 1871, o Bank Holidays Act proibido qualquer pagamento no dia de Natal ou Sexta-Feira Santa. Cem anos mais tarde, em 1971, foi decretado o Banking and Financial Dealings Act , que lista a maioria de feriados atuais.

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Feriado secular :

Cultura : A ceremony performed by regiments of the British and Commonwealth armies. Since 1748 Trooping the Colour has also marked the official birthday of the British sovereign. date depends on wheather forecast [Wikipedia]

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